Old Man And The Sea--Religious Reflection Essays -

Old Man And The Sea--Religious Reflection The Old Man and the Sea is a simple story, so simply and precisely told, that it invites the reader to fish for symbolism. We feel something more must be at work here then the surface plot. The text does seem to offer hints and clues, and critics have taken these tips and developed rather different readings of the story. The huge list of Christian reference in The Old Man and the Sea is unavoidable. The question is whether it amounts to anything that makes sense. A fish, first of all, has always been a symbol of Christ. Christ found St. James fishing in the Sea of Galilee, and promised to make him a ?fisher of men.? James was in a boat. James in Spanish is Santiago. The old man's journey out beyond all others lasts three days, the interval between the death and resurrection of Christ. A great focus of the novel is the old man's bloody hands, a crucifixion image. The old man's stumbling climb to his shack, carrying the mast on his shoulders, is a reference to Christ's climb up Cavalry with the cross on his back. When the old man reaches his shack, Hemingway takes the pains to describe the old man's sleeping position: he sleeps face down with his arms out, palms up, a crucified pose. The boy, seeing him like this with his beat-up hands, cannot stop crying. In another way, you can look at The Old Man and the Sea as religious symbolism, but for an unorthodox religion. Reading the book in this way expresses Hemingway's ?Religion of Man?. It is a religion of action, of achieving and maintaining Manhood. If anything counts in this world it is how someone does whatever it is someone does. This is especially true of life-and-death situations involving lonesome individuals. One must kill to live, and one must die, and these actions have no otherworldly importance. Their meaning resides in how they are enacted. How one dies matters. There is no eternal salvation, but meaning and purpose in this world derive from doing one's deeds well and bravely and truly, from being a man. To put it another way, it isn't whether you win or lose; it's whether you play the game like a man. Santiago has acted well and bravely and truly. He has killed like a man, and this gives meaning and purpose to his struggle. The final outcome is immaterial. The fish has acted well and bravely and truly. It has been a brother to Santiago, and it has died like a man. There is thus meaning and purpose in the fish's death. As you can see there are many ways to interpret The Old Man and the Sea, in a Christian light. It just depends on how well and how deeply you read the book. Bibliography Old Man and the Sea.... Hemmingway Book Reports

MEDICINE INTERNAL ASSESSMENT FOR FINAL MBBS Essays - Medicine

MEDICINE INTERNAL ASSESSMENT FOR FINAL MBBS Essays - Medicine MEDICINE INTERNAL ASSESSMENT FOR FINAL MBBS SECTION:A 1. Outline the parasitic infestations of the nervous system. Describe the life cycle of Taenia solium and the clinical features, diagnosis and management of cysticercosis (8) 2. Write briefly on: (2X4=8) a. Indications for and factors to consider while starting highly active anti retro viral therapy (HAART) b. Viral hemorrhagic fevers 3. Write short notes on: (3X3=9) a. Mucormycosis b. Toxin-mediated staphylococcal diseases c. Clinical spectrum and immunology of leprosy SECTION:B 4. Define sepsis and septic shock. Outline the natural course of sepsis syndrome and describe the clinical features and management of shock due to gram negative septicemia (8) 5. Write briefly on: (2X4=8) a. Burkitt's Lymphoma b. Clinical features and management of heat stroke 6. Write short notes on: (3X3=9) a. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation b. Evaluation of macrocytosis c. Causes of coagulopathy

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Marketing - Essay Example In the year 2000, almost 44% of fruits were devoted to juice industry and the business is even expected to grow in future. Among all the juices, orange juice is the most accepted one which covers almost 60% of the juices. The people of the USA prefer to maintain their health and thus choose vitamin, mineral and other nutrients drink as their healthy diet (Thor and Savitry 2001). Source: (Thor and Savitry 2001). Segmentation and Target Market For developing any business, market segmentation is the vital element which can manage the target customers. In the juice business, the target customers will be divided according to geographical, demographical, socioeconomics and psychographic variables (Croft 1994). Demographical Segmentation Boost Juice will focus on every age groups of customer but the primary targets of Boost Juice would be fitness conscious middle-age customers, young customers and teenagers. The first segment is predominantly the adult customers. These types of customers ar e adequately health conscious and they fall under the age group of 25–32 years. They are not much price sensitive and are always ready to pay the solicited price. These types of customers normally spend above average and do not prefer to bargain much. The second category consists of those customers who are very much health conscious. These customers fall under the age group of 18–25 years. They prefer healthy, nutritious and less calorie drinks. They want to control their cholesterol and fat. These customers are dieters and fitness professionals. The third demographic segmentation is young teenage customers of the age group between 14 to 18 years. These types of customers are not health conscious and prefer taste to health. These customers are in between adult and child age group and thus they prefer to consume adult drink without sacrificing the taste (Pania et al 2006). Geographical Segmentation The second type of segmentation is geographical segmentation. Based on g eography, the target market will be segmented in two ways, one will be region-wise and other will be area-wise. The region-wise segmentation will be further divided into two sub segmentations. The first segmentation will be Northeast region of the US. The reason for choosing Northeast region is because of the fact that juice consumption of orange was large in that region according to data of 2001. The people of Northeast region prefer orange drink more than other regions of the US. Per Capita Consumption of Orange in 2001 Source: (Pollack, Lin and Allshouse 2003) The second segmentation will be the south region. The reason for choosing this region is that the per capita consumption of apple juice was highest out there according to 2001 data. It had been observed that people of south region prefer apple juice more than other regions. Per Capita Consumption of Apple in 2001 Source: (Perez, Lin and Allshouse 2001) In case of area-wise segmentation, the market is divided into three sub segments: metropolitan, sub urban and rural. The first target market will be concentrated on sub urban areas of the US. The reason for choosing sub urban areas is that almost 47% of people reside in sub urban areas and the rest 53% people live in metropolitan and rural areas. So demand for processed fruit products is higher in the sub urban areas. The second target customer will be the people of

Appeal letter suspension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Appeal letter suspension - Essay Example However, while I was placing significant amount of time in my English, my performance in other units went down the gutter. My advisor further advised me to drop the other units that were giving me challenges and pick PE and GEC classes, but then I would not have sufficient credits to fill the required 12 credits that I needed for the semester. This meant that my only way out of the problem was to deal with the tough courses. I attempted my best and got through with the semester. Further problems emanated from the fact that I lived far and travelling cost me a great time that I would have spent studying or visiting my family. Attempts to correct this problem were futile, at least in the timeline that I intended. Nevertheless, I made every effort possible to produce good results, and I managed to raise my GPA from 0.91 to 1.583. My current efforts are geared towards raising my GPA above 2.0, and I hope to get the opportunity to do so next Fall semester. Please understand that the performance that I have presented over the recent semester does not reflect my academic capabilities, but is coupled with other problems that I was going through. I am currently working hard to improve my situation and promise that I will record a GPA of more than 2.0 next Fall semester. Thank you for your consideration and for accepting my

Statement of Purpose for applying master program Essay

Statement of Purpose for applying master program - Essay Example For example, back then I would make small investments in form of lending money to my roommate for his sandwich, and waiting for him to return the favor in form of a sandwich and an extra cup of coffee. After I attended college, I realized that in theoretical terminology the coffee I got along with the sandwich was the interest payment. Such small associations between simple life instances and the field of Finance allured me all the more and initiated my love for the subject. My mother, who has a Masters in Finance, would often enquire what I learnt at school over video chat from Beijing and my answers would include terms such as â€Å"journal recording, cap rate, Excel usage for IRR calculation etc.† Obviously she understood the terms and would advice me to practice and apply the acquired skills. However a single question had always been embedded in my mind- a question that even my mother could not answer- Why do the concepts I learnt at school look so simple?I would often try to understand the reason behind learning and applying the skills, because if a simple Excel function and basic coding was enough to calculate the things such as the IRR, then according to me ,investment banks such as J.P. Morgan simply wasted money in hiring financial analysts to do the â€Å"simple calculations† that even a computer programming could do. Similar questions related to this has always been on my mind for example even though tons of NBA players have the ability to shoot the basket well, why does Kobe Bryant earn the highest salary? I would always look for an answer that would help me understand such puzzling occurrences.Lastly, I have found the answer to my question in just three words- â€Å"Nearest to perfect† and even to this day I believe in it. The truth is, every single student attending a valuation class learns the skills of forecasting a firm’s next year’s cash flows and using Discounted Cash Flow Model to calculate the NPV.

Motivation And Job Satisfaction At Airlines Commerce Essay

Motivation And Job Satisfaction At Airlines Commerce Essay On 23rd October 1946, a new airline was born. Initially registered as a pilot project in Calcutta, Orient Airways Ltd. had at its helm Mr. M.A. Ispahani as Chairman and Air vice Marshal O.K. Carter as General Manager. The new carriers base remained in Calcutta and an operating license was obtained in May 1947. Four Douglas DC-3s were purchased from Tempo of Texas in February 1947 and operations commenced on 4th June 1947. The designated route for Orient Airways was Calcutta-Akyab-Rangoon, which also happened to be the first post-war international sector to be flown by an airline registered in India. Within two months of Orient Airways operational beginnings, Pakistan was born. The birth of a new nation generated one of the largest transfers of population in the history of mankind. Orient Airways, along with the help of BOAC aircraft which had been chartered by the Government of Pakistan, started relief operations and transportation of people between Delhi and Karachi, the two capitals. Subsequently, Orient Airways transferred its base to Pakistan and established a vital link between Karachi and Dacca, the two capitals of the two wings of Pakistan. With a skeleton fleet of just two DC-3s, three crew members, and twelve mechanics, Orient Airways launched its scheduled operations in a fairy-tale manner. The initial routes were Karachi-Lahore-Peshawar, Karachi-Quetta-Lahore and Karachi-Delhi Calcutta-Dacca. By the end of 1949, Orient Airways had acquired 10 DC-3s and 3 Convair 240s which were operated on these routes. In 1950, it had become increasingly apparent that additional capacity would have to be inducted to cater to the growing needs of the sub-continent. Research Objective The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of Job Satisfaction and Motivation of the employees employed by PIA (Pakistan International Airline). The idea of this study is to investigate and identify those factors which are causing high motivation and job satisfaction among the employees. This is a descriptive study based on the impact of motivation and jobs among employees employed by PIA. In todays fast paced era environment of the management is to how the managers can improve the level of motivation and job satisfaction of employees. So that the company attain a reliable and efficient workforce. The questions that are to be answered by this study are: How some employees are satisfied from their job as compare to others. How some employees perform better than others What are the ways through which management can improve the motivation of its employees Attracting, rewarding, awarding and motivating customers are a challenge. It requires better service, realistic performance, expectations and a supportive work environment Literature Survey Theories of Motivation Motivation theories are of two types i.e. Content theory and Process theory Basically content theory of motivation focuses on those factors which are involved with the individuals that energizes, directs, sustains and stops behaviour. To motivate people they determine the actualized and specific needs. On the other hand process theory describes and analyzes that how the behaviour on individual or person is stopped by those factors which are external i.e. energized, directed and sustained. Both theories have important impact on managers who are involved in the motivational process as per their job nature (Gibson et al, 2000). Kini and Hobson (2002) agreed with the distinction explained above between content and process theories which suggested that the theory of content is associated with the importance of internal elements which are identified and the prioritization involved with the individuals explanation of these elements. While process theory imposes on particular psychological processes underlying action and emphasized on explaining the functioning of individual decision system in order to relate it to the behaviour. Process theory of Motivation Process theory of motivation tries to explain and describe the factors which are external to the individual, that energize, direct, sustain and stop behaviour. The major theories of motivation are discussed above includes the following theories which are as follows: Social learning theory Operant conditioning Expectancy theory Equity theory Goal setting theory Job design theory Social learning theory Learning is typically the fundamental processes which are based on the behaviour and in turn, motivation. In organizations almost every individuals behaviour is learnt. Perception, attitudes, goals and emotional reactions are learned. Skills e.g. programming a system or counselling de-motivated employee can be learned. Basically meaning and uses of language used are learned. Learning is an ongoing process by which the relatively occurring changes in the behaviour as a result of practise (Gibson et al, 2000). Operant conditioning In another point of view learning occurs as a result of behaviour, and this learning is called operant conditioning. Late world famous behaviourist B.F.Skinner is the person closely associated with this type of learning that is operant conditioning. Many principles of this theory can help managers who attempt to influence behaviour. An important principle of learning is enforcement. Generally internal cause of behaviour is motivation while external cause is reinforcement. Positive reinforcement occurs when a positively valued incentives follows a response to a stimulus. Positive reinforcement can be anything that both increases the strength of response and induces repetitions of the behaviours that preceded the reinforcement. Negative reinforcement occurs when the performance of the behaviour is increased or diverted due to undesirable situation immediately after the response. Expectancy theory The real explanation of expectancy theory was developed by Victor Vroom. Early studies (about 50) tested the implication tested the accuracy of expectancy theory in predicting employee behaviour. The expectancy theory defined in vrooms concept is that motivation as a process governing choices among the alternatives forms of voluntary activity. From his point of view mostly behaviours are under control of the individuals and are persistently motivated. Expectancy theory is generally explained in four concepts: First and second level outcomes- the outcomes of the first level are resulting from behaviour that is linked with doing the job itself which includes turnover, quality of productivity, absenteeism and productivity. The outcomes of the second level are those events such as punishments and rewards that the outcomes of the first level are likely to produce such as group acceptance or rejection, merit pay increment and promotion. The reference to the individuals perception that the outcome of the first level is related with outcomes of second level is instrumentality. As seen by the individual the preference of the outcomes is valance e.g. a person mar prefer a 10% increment in the pay over a transfer to another branch. The outcome is that the in positively valent the offer is preferred and in negatively valent it is avoided. The individuals belief refers to the expectancy is concerned with the likelihood or descriptive possibility that a certain behaviour will be followed by a certain outcome such as; level of performance (Gibson et al, 2000:160-161). Equity theory Equity theory of motivation was tested and developed by J.Stacey Adams. The basic concept of equity theory of motivation is that the efforts and rewards of the employees are compared with others in similar work situations. Basically the theory of motivation is based on the assumption that individuals, who work for rewards from the firm, and are motivated with a perception to be equally treated at work. The maintenance of the employees perception of equity in the working environment is administered by the management. There are four terms on which the theory is based i.e. Person: the individual for equity or inequity is perceived Comparison with others: any individual(s) or group used by person as referent regarding the ratios of inputs and outcomes. Inputs: the individual characteristic brought by person to the job this may be achieved (e.g. skills, experience, knowledge and learning) or ascribed (e.g. age, gender, race). Outcomes: what person received from the job (e.g. recognition, fringe benefits and pay). The ratio of the inputs (efforts) to their outcomes (rewards) is equivalent to the ratios of other similar employees is the perception of the employees where the equity exists. When an individuals own ratio of inputs to outcomes could be greater or less than that of others, the ratio arent equivalent, inequity exist (Gibson et al, 2000: 164-165). The proposition of this theory is that the individuals are motivated to stabilize fair or equitable relationships between themselves and to change those unfair inequitable relationships (Kini and Hobson, 2002: 605). Goal setting theory Edwin Locke proposed that goal setting theory was a cognitive process of some practical utility. Edwins view was that an individuals intentions and conscious goals are the primary factors of behaviour. A goal is the action of an object i.e. its a person attempts to achieve. Locke also carefully determined the characteristics of the cognitive (mental) processes of goal setting which are as follows: The degree of quantitative precision (clarity) of the goal refers to the goal specificity. The degree of proficiency or the level of performance sought is goal difficulty. Goal intensity pertains to the process of setting the goal or determining how to reach it. Higher effort and performance results when people commit to difficult and specific goals rather than to vague commitments. Monetary incentives will affect performance only to the extent that such incentives influence the choice of goals and the extent of goal commitment. Goal commitment will interact with goal difficulty to determine performance. Goal setting is rather complex and difficult to sustain Goal setting works well for simple jobs (clerks, typists, loggers, and technicians), but not for complex jobs. Goal setting with jobs in which goals arent measured has posed some problems Goal setting encourages game playing. Setting low goals to look good. Goal setting is used as another check on employees. Its a control device to monitor performance Goal accomplishment can become an obsession. In some situations, goal setters have become so obsessed with achieving their goals that they neglect other important areas of their jobs (Gibson et al,2000) Job Design Theory Task characteristic theory (job design) (JD): Seek to identify task characteristics of jobs, how these characteristics combined in order to form jobs that are different, and their relationships to employee motivation, satisfaction, and performance (Kini and Hobson, 2002: 605). The Hackman-Oldman job characteristics model, a derivative of this theory developed in Japan which contends that providing employees with task variety, task identify, task significance, task autonomy, and feed back, will lead to three critical psychological states (experienced meaningfulness of the work, experienced responsibility for outcomes, and knowledge of the actual results) which, in turn, will lead to high internal motivation, high quality work performance, high work satisfaction, and low absenteeism and turnover (McAfee, Quarstein, and Ardalan,1995). The impact of this theory for management is in order to keep the employees satisfied and motivated in their jobs, so managers must: Employees should be provided with a variety of skills on their workplace Employees should be given independence and freedom to schedule and plan their tasks One on the most important part that managers must provide constant feedback as to how employees are measuring to set goals. Content theories of Motivation Employees on their work bring their feelings, beliefs and perceptions which determine their modus on daily operation and daily tasks. It is the reason that managers constantly seek to understand, explain the nature of employees behaviour is being predicted by the managers. Content theories of motivation explain and describe factors within the person that energize, direct, sustain and stop behaviour. The major theories of motivation are explained as under: Maslows need hierarchy Aderfers ERG theory McClellands learned need; and theory of needs Maslows Hierarchy of Needs The widely cited and discussed motivation theory i.e. the need hierarchy model is presented by Abraham Maslow. In this model the lowest level needs are the physiological needs, and the highest -level needs are for self-actualization. Maslow defined human needs as under: Physiological: the need for water, food, shelter and relief from pain. Safety and security: the need for freedom from threat and safety of life. Belongingness, social, and love: the need for friendship, affiliation, interaction and love family etc. Esteem: the need for self-esteem and for respect from others Self-actualization: the need of fulfilling oneself by maximizing the use of abilities and skills. Maslows theory assumes that an individual attempts to satisfy the more basic needs i.e. the physiological needs before directing the behaviour towards satisfying upper level needs i.e. self-actualization. Lower order or level needs must be satisfied before a higher order need such as self-actualization begins to control an individuals behaviour. According to Maslow, a satisfied needs leads motivation or it motivates. Aldersfers ERG theory Alderfer agreed with Abraham Maslow that needs are arranged in hierarchy. His proposed hierarchy of needs involves three sets of needs which are follows: Existence: the needs which are satisfied with such factors as water, air, pay, food and working conditions. Relatedness: the needs that are satisfied with the love of family, friends, social and interpersonal relationships. Growth: the needs which are satisfied by an individual making productive and creative contributions. Three needs presented by Aldefers existence (E), relatedness (R), and growth (G), or ERG relates or correspond to Maslows in the existence needs are similar to Maslows physiological and safety categories; the relatedness needs are similar to the belongingness, social and love category; and the growth needs are similar to the esteem and self-actualization categories. Maslow proposed that unfilled needs at one level are most of the importance and that needs on the next higher level arent activated until the currently need s are fulfilled or satisfied. In contrast to Alderfers ERG theory says that in addition to satisfaction-progression process that Maslow proposed, a frustration regression process is also at work by the same time. Alderfer and Maslow need theories of motivation have been criticized. Need theories have been regarded as simple, very easily expressed views of human behaviour (Gibson et al, 2000). McClellands learned theory of needs Learned theory of motivation was proposed and presented by David C. McClelland and this theory is closely related with learning concepts. David believed that many of our needs are acquired from the culture of a society. There are three learned needs which are the need for achievement (n Ach), the need for affiliation (n Aff), and the need of power (n Pow). It was suggested by McClelland that when need is strong in an individual, the effects that arises is to motivate him or her to use behaviour leading to satisfaction. Motivation and Job Satisfaction Based on perceptions, attitudes, personality and learning motivation plays a very important role in understanding behaviour. Job satisfaction is a result of employees thinking that how their jobs provide them what is important. According to (Mitchell and lasan, 1987), it is recognized that in the field of organizational behaviour that job satisfaction frequently and most studied attitude. Motivation and job satisfaction can be studied through several approaches content theories and through reinforcement theories. Specifically the term employee motivation is complicated and difficult to define. The liveliness of an organization whether its private or public, comes from the motivation of their workforce and their abilities plays crucial role in their work performance (Lewis, Goodman and Fandt, 1995). Reinforcement Theories Reinforcement is explained as any effect that causes behaviour to be repeated which can be either positive or negative (Naylor, 1999, p.540). Skinner (1939, 1971) conducted several studies and came up with the idea of conditioning model which proposed that if pleasant consequences follow a behaviour, the behaviour will tend to continue whereas, if unpleasant behaviour will tend to continue then the behaviour will tend to continue whereas, if unpleasant consequences follow a behaviour the behaviour tends to stop. (Luthans Kreitner, 1985). Reinforcement theory relies on two assumptions: first, behaviour of human is determined by the surroundings and environment and second, human behaviour is subject to observable laws. The Law of effect is the foundation of the reinforcement consequences whether are negative or Positive behaviour will be repeated (Lewis et al, 1995). Job Satisfaction The work motivation theories that have been just explained have been used for centuries just to explain that what motivates individuals to work. And the same theories can be used to find out that how other people are satisfied in their jobs. For example as Maslows Hierarchy of needs explains that if people are happy and satisfied o their jobs if there needs are met. And learning theories proposed that by seeing others rewarded for certain standards of performance people would be motivated. And on the other hand if people will see their co-workers are being punished for not meeting the standards of the organization or not fulfilling the requirements of the organization they will try to work harder to avoid the pain or insult of being punished and so on. Some people say that job satisfaction is simple that how people feel regarding their jobs and different phases of their jobs (Sector, 1997). This assumes that employees will be satisfied or happy if they like their jobs. Another view of Job Satisfaction is that happiness is associated with doing a particular job as expressed by the job-holder (Gibson et al, 2000). The feelings and attitudes one has about ones job whether positive and negative, good and bad are likely to contribute for the development of feelings of satisfaction (Riggio, 2000). Methodology The methodology that has been adopted for the related subject study is precisely described below: Industry The industry which I select for the research is the Airline Industry. Population and Sample size The population of the industry was very large therefore convenience sampling has been done for this study. The sample consists of individuals who are working in PIAs human resource department and Information technology department on middle level and lower level employees. Respondents Sample drawn from this industry is 60 respondents. From them 30 are working as a middle level and 30 are working as lower level employees. The respondents belong to departments i.e. human resource department and information technology department. Data collection method For the purpose of data collection an instrument (i.e. questionnaires) will be used. Data Analysis Data will be analyzed on the basis of the employees response to the questionnaire, in which bar and pie charts are a part of analysis

Consumerism and Materialism in America Essay -- possesive, arrogant, s

The economy is a very fragile thing; however it can have an enormous impact on people. Americans especially are affected because they are so greedy, they always want more. Because Americans are very materialistic, they can become overly arrogant and possessive since they are used to getting their way, on account of having money. Some people are never satisfied with what they have; they are always on the lookout for more money and more possessions. Man requires food, shelter, clothing and fuel everything else is superfluous. Luxuries lead to things like materialism and greed. People need to realize that everyone is the same on the inside. Our ancestors didn’t have technology or a ton of money and they somehow survived. â€Å"For the improvement of ages have had but little influence on the essential laws of man’s existence; as our skeletons, probably, are not to be distinguished from those of our ancestors†. (Thoreau) Thoreau knew what most people today don’t, that we are all the same no matter how much money we have. Greediness can lead to negative characteristics such as gluttony and wastefulness. Our time on Earth is very limited; we do not have time to waste on materialism and greediness. We must focus on improving ourselves and our country. In Thoreau’s Economy, he compares greedy humans to being cooked because they are heated by their unnecessary materials. â€Å"The luxuriously rich are not simply kept comfortably warm, but unnaturally hot; as I implied before, they are cooked, of course à   la mode.† (Thoreau). People are constantly striving to have more than what they have. â€Å"...the need to ‘keep up’ have long been part of American culture.† (Schor) The need to have the newest and latest gadgets is very strong in Americans. Produc... ...position. Bedford/St. Martin's, 1991. 421-430. Gailbraith, John Kenneth. "The Dependence Effect." Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. The Language of Composition. Bedford/St.Martin's, 1958. 478-481. Rose, Phyllis. "Shopping and Other Spiritual Adventures in America Today." Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. The Language of Composition. Bedford/St. Martin's, 1984. 482-484. Schor, Juliet. "The New Consumerism." Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. The Language of Compositon. Bedford/St. Martin's, 1999. 487-489. Smith, Joan. "Shop-Happy." Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. The Language of Composition. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000. 490-494. Thoreau, Henry David. "Economy." Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. The Language of Composition. Bedford/St. Martin's, 1854. 474-477.

Sarah’s Scenario

That will put Sarah In a position to disobey her parent's rules of curfew. Socially, she is extroverted and thrives off of other people. There are three factors that Influence her willing to go against her parent's rules. These Include belonging, understanding, and enhancing-self. She Is new and wants to belong too new crowd and fit In while trying to understand their outlook and ways of talking. With that, she Is likely to feel more worthy to the group and make her feel better about herself.According to chapter 16 of Learn Psychology, (20131 cognitive dissonance Is a discomfort that someone experiences when putting ideas together that conflict with each other. Now in this situation, Sarah displays cognitive dissonance when she knows that she has no business going to anyone's party because if she does, she will miss her parent's curfew. If Sarah chooses not to go to the party, she will miss out on having fun with her new friends. This is likely to give her a uncomfortable feeling bec ause she knows she does not need to go.And that is because she knows it will cause conflict with her parents. Sarah is being affected by a few behaviors in this situation. Conformity is when a person changes their ways and thoughts to be alike another persons. Sarah wants to go to this party because she never attended one before. She also wanted this new roof of individuals to continue to involve her and invite her to events. Plus she was afraid she would miss out on the fun had she not went. Sarah displays conformity by giving in to her friends' beliefs because she went to the party anyway when she should not have.Then Sarah meets a boy named Jack at the party. As they talked, they learned they have quite a few things in common with each other. Jack and Sarah share several factors of attraction such as similarity, proximity, and physical attraction. If they do get to go on the date Jack invited her on, they are likely to enjoy themselves and get along well. They had a few similarit ies such as enjoying the same music or going to the same school. They also live In the same area nearby each other.Also, Jack Is clearly attracted to Sarah because he left her know that he thought she was beautiful. Because of these few factors, they surely have an Interest In each other romantically. Then two guys from the party get Into a pretty abrupt altercation and argument. Of course all the party goers have a piqued curiosity so they run outside to satisfy that need. Funny thing Is, no one stopped these two boys from fighting, That altercation ended up turning physical and again, no one of the party goers went o help the boys.Because of this physical altercation between the two boys, that group of popular kids used the bystander effect which means, â€Å"people are less likely are when they are alone. † (Carter & Sifter, 2013, Chapter Chapter 16). What these kids ended up doing was leave. They all went home. What one of these kids could have done differently is display diffusion of responsibility. That means a person has the tendency to be the responsible one and push the help factor amongst everyone else. Yet, not one child did, they ended up leaving the boys and everyone else there t the party..Sarah was likely going through the initial events of her evening because of her displays of conformity. She had a great deal of experience with social influences that evening. Questions are, if she had attended the party alone, would she have left the party by herself after the fight? Or would she have Just stayed there after the fight even if she had come alone? Sometimes people tend to do things differently when they are around other types of individuals. On this particular evening, Sarah and all her decisions were ultimately influenced by her peers all evening long.

Arbitration The WritePass Journal

Arbitration Introduction Arbitration IntroductionPart 1: The Seat TheoryThe Influence of Jurisdictional TheoryPart 2: The Delocalisation TheoryPart 3: The Impact of seat and delocalisation theoriesConclusionBibliographyRelated Introduction The concept of party autonomy provides the fundamental basis for modern international commercial arbitration law. As a result, it is widely considered to be â€Å"the most important characteristic of legislation within the field of arbitration.†[1]   Party autonomy enshrines â€Å"the fundamental freedom of parties† to determine the law which will guide arbitral proceedings they are to undergo.[2] It has gained what Redfern Hunter identify as â€Å"extensive acceptance in national courts† worldwide[3]. This acceptance transcends the legal basis of national systems and has found expression in international conventions; for example, the Rome Convention which recognises the principle of party autonomy as a basic right of the parties[4]. Excessive judicial intervention is anathema to the autonomy of the parties and viewed by some commentators as being harmful to the arbitral process in undermining the principles so sacrosanct and unique to arbitration[5]. Alongsid e such intervention there are other limits to this freedom which the underlying theoretical framework influences to various degrees: â€Å"the choice of law must exist within the lex arbitri of the ‘seat’ of the tribunal and must not be contrary to public policy or natural justice considerations.†[6] This is because parties are unable to agree to a procedure â€Å"fundamentally offensive to the notions of justice of the seat of the arbitration.†[7] This thereby makes the choice of the seat a very profound step in an arbitration process. This ‘seat’ theory is very well established within international commercial arbitration and provides an established legal framework which some advocates have argued puts the very existence of international arbitration in doubt[8]. Yet should arbitration be so â€Å"anchored†[9] within the national legal system where the award was made? In direct contrast to the seat theory is the ‘delocalisationâ⠂¬â„¢ theory which provides that international commercial arbitration â€Å"should remain free from the constraints of national laws and therefore the lex arbitri†[10]. Jan Paulsson is perhaps the strongest advocate of the delocalisation theory and he argues that delocalisation has at its heart the principle of party autonomy free from the rigid constraints of the lex arbitri[11]. Both the â€Å"seat† and â€Å"delocalisation† theories have profound impacts upon the fundamental and enduring principle of party autonomy with the basic understanding being that while the seat theory constitutes a threat to the very essence of international commercial arbitration in facilitating excessive court intervention[12] the delocalisation theory conforms to and indeed strengthens the principle of party autonomy[13]. This essay will argue that both theories have, to a large extent, had a profound impact upon party autonomy in the manner referred to above. In part 1 the seat th eory will be critically evaluated while in part 2 the delocalisation theory will be discussed before looking at both theories’ undoubted and growing impact upon party autonomy within international commercial arbitration. Part 1: The Seat Theory An arbitral process must have a ‘seat’ to which the arbitral process is ultimately tied and which therefore determines the procedural law of the arbitration: the juridicial seat[14]. This forms the basis for the Rome Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations.[15] This is to avoid causing uncertainty which may arise from a situation where a choice has not been made.   The term ‘seat’ is not synonymous with the term ‘choice of law’; rather the seat is only relevant as a determinant of the governing law of an arbitration process in place of an express mention of the choice of law governing an arbitration process[16]. The seat theory certainly represents the orthodoxy in International Commercial Arbitration[17] and the international community’s acceptance of it is unsurprising for Ahmed who observes that the theory, in essence, maintains state sovereignty[18]. It must be noted, however, that the law of the seat has varying levels of involvement with arbitration within different jurisdictions and the quest for harmonisation of the lex arbitri is for Redfern and Hunter, as illusory as the search for â€Å"universal peace†[19]. In England, for example, the procedure to be adopted by the â€Å"arbitral tribunal is governed by the law of the country in which arbitration is seated†[20] thereby making the choice of country important as the law of the seat sometimes contains provisions which might have profound consequences for the proceedings. Apart from this, the choice of seat has great consequence in the context of the acknowledgement and re-enforcement of any award by virtue of the fact that the seat of arbitration constitutes a ground for the challenge of an award[21]. The example of France provides a strong contrast to the UK with our European cousins taking what has been described as a â€Å"more delocalised approach to international commercial arbitration†[22]. The theoretical f oundations clearly have a profound influence on the attitude of national courts to arbitration in interventionist terms. Hong-Lin-Yu states that[23], â€Å"the involvement of national courts in arbitration in the world over can be characterised as either intrusive or just supportive.† Among the arguments justifying the basis for the level of involvement discussed by Hong-Lin-Yu and which is relevant to this coursework in explaining the fundamentals of the involvement of the law of the seat in arbitration is jurisdictional theory. The Influence of Jurisdictional Theory Ahmed observes that the seat theory â€Å"emanates from† the jurisdictional theory which â€Å"places importance upon the territory or state within which arbitration is to take place in regulating the arbitral process†[24].   The theory proposes that the arbitration process â€Å"should be regulated by the national laws of the seat, or lex arbitri, and that of the country where recognition and enforcement will be sought†[25]. Therefore, the entire procedure must be regulated via the law selected by the parties, as well as the law of the seat of the arbitration; this is because â€Å"the power possessed by the arbitrator is acquired via concession given by the state from its monopoly over the administration of justice within its jurisdiction.†[26] It is widely acknowledged that these awards possess the equal status as a national Court Judge’s judgement. According to Klein[27], â€Å"the state alone has the right to administer justice, so in giving as a concession to arbitration in the administration of justice it is exercising a public function†; thus, an award made is correspondent to the judge’s decision. As a result, arbitrators, such as national Judges, must apply the rules of law of a particular state in order to reconcile any disputes that have been submitted. Ahmed eloquently sums up the influence of jurisdictional theory upon seat theory by observing that those who support the theory believe that the national laws of a seat have both an â€Å"automatic and legitimate† right to supervise the arbitral proceedings, or in other words, he adds, â€Å"the lex arbitri will govern arbitral proceedings†[28] which are the foundations of seat theory. As noted above Mann is one of the strongest advocates of seat theory and he has argued that it is municipal laws which are the source of the parties’ rights[29]. As noted above Mann has also insisted that, in the legal sense at least, international commercial arbitration doesn’t even exist owing to the fact that each arbitral decision is anchored within the national laws of that country[30]. Part 2: The Delocalisation Theory The principle of delocalisation refers to the partial severance of international commercial arbitration from the national laws of the seat of the tribunal[31].   Logically this also means that the arbitration should remain largely free from the lex arbitri and is truly international in character. This theory has been expressed most forcefully by Jan Paulsson whose views were described as â€Å"dangerous heresy† by Professor Park back in 1983[32]. The author is at pains though to explain that his arguments do not necessarily mean that national laws will be disregarded: it is only in certain situations, he argues, that the award should be allowed to â€Å"float† or â€Å"drift† away from the previously accepted orthodoxy of the seat theory[33]. Proponents of delocalisation also argue â€Å"that instead of the dual system of control between the lex arbitri and then the courts at the place where the award was rendered, should be replaced by just one powerful contr olling element: the place of enforcement†[34]. As Redfern Hunter note this effectively opens up the entire world for international commercial arbitrations, rendering the process: â€Å"supra national†, â€Å"a-national†, â€Å"transnational†, â€Å"delocalised†, or even â€Å"expatriate†. More poetically, this kind of arbitration is considered a â€Å"floating arbitration†, producing a â€Å"floating award†[35]. A classic case study used by many proponents of the theory is the French system which nurtures the tie amongst arbitration and the law of the country of enforcement reaches the minimum throughout the exercising of the â€Å"international public policy† and terms as provided under the New York Convention of 1958.[36] This place arbitration as â€Å"subject to the laws of the seat not being contained in French law.†[37] Under the French system, issues of arbitrability are completely left to the tribunals[38] where issues of the conflict of laws arise for determination unlike in other countries where the court can ascertain any question of validity in which there are no explicit evidence to the contrary[39]. The French position is that of total autonomy as provided under art. 1496 of Code of Civil Procedure of 1981 which gives the arbitrator the freedom to apply the law he deems appropriate in the absence of any law chosen by the parties taking into account trade usage in the application. The psychology of this section is in line with the concept of delocalisation of arbitration which allows the arbitral tribunal to operate free from national laws and most especially the lex arbitri with the only restriction being international public policy. Under the French system, the international arbitration courts are provided with restricted power to intervene as per review unless â€Å"the arbitration has some connection with France†[40] and in issues involving the setting aside of awards there are very few grounds for the challenge of an arbitration award under the French Law and this trend of minimum interference is followed in the French’s limitation of the grounds â€Å"for refusing recognition or enforcement of arbitral awards†[41]. As given by the principle of delocalised arbitration, any enforcing body is able to chose to ignore the decision made by the Court of the seat because â€Å"international arbitration cannot be deemed a manifestation of the state;†[42] therefore, international arbitration is stateless and free from the lex arbitri and indeed â€Å"floating† as noted above.[43] Hilmarton Ltd. V. Omnium de Traitement et de Valorisation (1999) 14 Mealey’s International Arbitration Report (No. 6) A-1-A-5 (High Court of England and Wales) put this position into action where the French Cour de Cassation held â€Å"that the award rendered in Switzerland is an international award which is not integrated in the legal system of that state, so that it remains in existence even if set aside and its recognition in France is not contrary to international public policy†[44]. Part 3: The Impact of seat and delocalisation theories From the above analysis of the seat and delocalisation theories, there is a clear and profound clash with the principle of party autonomy and the influence of the seat in arbitral proceedings. The basic position is that the seat theory is an obstacle to the principle of party autonomy in international commercial arbitration[45]. This is one of the chief criticisms of the orthodox seat theory and, as Ahmed rightly warns, the principle of party autonomy is in danger of becoming an anachronism if judicial intervention in international commercial arbitration goes past mere support[46]. On the other hand the delocalisation theory is perceived to have party autonomy at its heart as it arguably empowers true freedom of the parties to resolve disputes without any interference from national courts[47]. Others would go further with Pierre Lalive arguing powerfully that the parties’ private dispute should in no way be resolved with reference to national laws. As noted above the seat theo ry still has many powerful supporters and it is undoubtedly the favoured approach of many countries as it is in essence a protection of state sovereignty and allows countries to retain a degree of control of such processes[48]. Clearly the aim of the business communities’ desire in arbitration is to provide a malleable and informal process of settling disputes using the courts that tends to present the contractual outlook using their interpretation of the relationship between the parties as a contract[49]. However there is the existence of a situation where it has been claimed that arbitration concerns the differences amongst parties and existing contracts between them and the arbitrators is unsustainable. This is as a result of all of the problems surrounding the validity of the arbitral agreement and arbitrability that are chosen via the lex fori[50]. A state alone possesses the influence to pass decisions on arbitrability and that does not favour public interest or depends on every state’s economic and social policies[51]. However, while it should be conceded that that view for reducing the influence of the national law and the strength of contracts is a commendable one, this approach is not practical. The reasons for this are, firstly, as a result of the condition of the judicial review in which the court of the place of arbitration and the place of enforcement may act out supervisory powers in order to ascertain how valid the arbitrary awards. The national courts exercise this jurisdiction[52]. Secondly it is also important to note that the situation in reality, as Redfern Hunter have noted, is that despite the fact the delocalisation theory has powerful allies, â€Å"the reality is that the delocalisation of arbitrations†¦is only possible if the local law (lex arbitri) permits it†[53]. The distinguished authors cite the example of Belgium which tried to opt for delocalisation but has since changed its law owing to the simple fact that Belgium immediately became an unattractive place to settle arbitral disputes[54]. Conclusion In conclusion both the seat and delocalisation theories have exercised a strong influence over the principle of party autonomy but to different degrees. The seat theory, which undoubtedly represents the orthodox position and the preferred mode for countries seeking to preserve their sovereignty, presents a strong challenge to the principle of party autonomy. Given the prevalence of seat theory in the world this attack must be taken seriously and Ahmed is correct when he warns that the principle is in danger of becoming a â€Å"myth† should such judicial interference go beyond support to interference[55]. The example of the English courts is enough to demonstrate the dangers of excessive interference which goes beyond the â€Å"safety net† it is intended to be. On the other hand the delocalisation theory has, in the submission of this essay, had a lesser although not negligible effect upon the principle of party autonomy. Despite its noted advocates, such as Jan Paulsson , it is still very much an evolving theory[56]. Further, as Redfern Hunter have noted accurately, it is only when the lex arbitri allows it that delocalised arbitration can occur and the example of Belgium is indeed a warning that any states which embrace it do so at their own peril of parties seeking to enforce their disputes elsewhere. Of course the French courts have taken the delocalised approach to be their own while recent English decisions travel in the opposite direction[57]. The seat theory remains the orthodoxy and for now the process of harmonisation of international commercial arbitration has ground to a halt. Bibliography 1.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Books Goode, Roy (2010) Goode on Commercial Law (4th ed) Penguin Books: London at p.1308 Andrew Tweedale and Keren Tweedale (2010): â€Å"Arbitration of Commercial Disputes: International and English Law and Practice† (Oxford University Press) Compagnie d’Armement Maritime. David St. John Sutton, John Kendall, Judith Grill(1997): Russell on Arbitration (London Sweet and Maxwell) Adam Samuel(1989): â€Å"Jurisdictional Problems in International Commercial Arbitration: A Study of Belgian, Dutch, English, Swedish, Swiss, U.S., and West German Law†. Published by Schulthess Polygraphisch verlag Redfern and Hunter(1991): â€Å"International Commercial Arbitration† .(Sweet and Maxwell) 2nd Statutes Rome Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations [1980] Official Journal of the European Union, No L266/1 Arbitration Act 1996 French Code of Civil Procedure 1981, Book IV 4 Arbitration[1] 1958 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards    Journals Ahmed, Masood (2011) ‘The Influence of the Delocalisation and Seat Theories Upon Judicial Attitudes Towards International Commercial Arbitration’ Arbitration Volume 77 Issue 4 pp406-422 at p.406 Lalive, â€Å"Les rà ¨gles de conflit de lois appliquà ©es au fond du litige par larbitre international sià ¨geant en Suisse† (1976) 145 Recueil Des Cours 2. Lie, Ji (2011) ‘The Application of the Delocalisation Theory In Current International Commercial Arbitration’ I.C.C.L.R Volume 22 Issue 12 pp383-391 at p.384 Mann, â€Å"Lex arbitri and locus arbitri† (1988) 104 L.Q.R. 348. Paulsson, â€Å"Arbitration Unbound: Award Detached From the Law of Its Country of Origin† (1981) 30 I.C.L.Q. 358. Paulsson, Jan (1983) ‘Delocalisation of International Commercial Arbitration: When and Why it Matters’ I.C.L.Q vol.32 pp53-61 Hong-Lin-Yu (2004): â€Å"Explore the Void-An Evaluation of Arbitration Theories†: Part 1. Int. A.L.R. 2004, 7(6), 180-190 Julian Lew(1978): Applicable Law Mann (1983): â€Å"Lex Facit Arbitrum†. Arbitration International 245, 2(3) â€Å"Trends in the Field of International Arbitration†(1975)II Recueil Des Cours 233-234 Lord Mustill(1989): Arbitration: â€Å"History and Background†. 6 Journal of Int. Arb. [emailprotected] Kerr (1985): â€Å"Arbitration and the Courts: The UNCITRAL Model Law†, 84 ICLQ 1, 15 Lando(1985): â€Å"The Lex Mercatoria in International Commercial Arbitration†. 34 ICLQ 747    Cases Bay Hotel Resort Ltd. V. Cavalier Construction Ltd. [2001] UKPC 34, PC (TCI) Jakob Boss Sohne KG V. Federal Republic of Germany Application No. 18479/912.05, 8.11 Hebei Import Export Corp. V Polytek Engineering Company Ltd.(1999) 14 Mealey’s International Arbitration Report (No. 2) G-1-G-15; XXIVa YBK Comm Arbn 657-77 Mitsubishi Motors Corporation V. Soler Chrysler Plymouth Inc. 473 US 614, 105 S.Ct. ABS American Bureau of Shipping V. Shipping Co-Ownership Jules Verne(2003) Rev Arb Somm Juris 234 Green Tree Financial Corp. V. Lynn Bazzle (2000) 531 US 79, 90, 121 S Ct 513, 522 Chromalloy Aerosemica V. Arab Republic of Egypt(1993)xxii ybk Comm Arb 691 Cereals SA V. Tradex Export SA[1986]2 Lloyds Rep 301; K/S Norjal A/S V. Hyundai Heary Industries Co. Ltd [1991] 1 Lloyds Rep. 524 (CA)

Modern Problems and Opportunities in our Society

Modern Problems and Opportunities in our Society Introduction In modern society, people are facing serious problems that have impacted negatively on their lives. These problems are social, economic or political problems (Davis, 2004). These problems have led to the deteriorating development in many countries of the world. The situation is severe in third world countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Problems and Opportunities in our Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The problems have caused immense suffering to the people living in these counties and huge amounts of money are being used in addressing the problems. The outcome has been vicious circle of poverty amongst the several countries. Main problems; their prevalence and how they have affected the Society The societal problems encountered today may be either natural or artificial (Guba Lincoln, 1909). The most serious ones include poverty, diseases (cancer, HIV Aids, diabetes, malaria), child abuse and molestation, drug abuse, corruption and racial discrimination, inequality, economic problems such as unemployment, rapid population growth and infant mortality among others. Despite the fact that some efforts have been made to reduce these problems the rate at which they are being wiped out is very low. A disease like malaria is a serious killer especially in the tropical areas that has claimed the lives of many people including young children. The other dangerous diseases include cancer, diabetes and HIV aids which are incurable. The prevalence of such diseases bring with them other problems, for instance many orphans who are left by their parents become dependency and are burden to the society.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Problems like criminal injustices are very common in many countries and the most shocking thing is that they are perpetrated by the ones who should be against the virtue. There is no fair treatment and this has been strengthened by the increasing corruption. Discrimination is all over and people are being deprived of their rights. Discrimination leads to misallocation of resources and people perpetrate poverty among the disadvantaged groups in the societies (Guba Lincoln, 1909). Poverty is another major social problem that is threatening the lives of many civilians. It is estimated that almost more than a half of the world’s population is living below the poverty line. Child abuse and molestation has been on the increase. There has been several reported cases of rape amongst the young children, a major violation of human rights that is affecting the welfare of both the victims and those who take care of them. Drugs are being abused everyday life. Many youths’ lives are at stake due to misuse of drugs. Drugs abuse bring with them both social and economic costs. The economic costs are incurred in th e sense that rehabilitation expenses and other medical costs are incurred in tackling the drug abuse related cases. The social costs are on the user’s side since there is serious deterioration in one’s life. Rapid population growth is a demographic and social problem prevalent in developing nations. This leads to competition of the available resources and high dependency ratio in those countries. This condition has led to the emergence of other social problem due to limited social amenities. There has been an issue of gender violence among some families, a situation that has been difficult to handle.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Problems and Opportunities in our Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Almost all the problems being faced in modern world are created by the human being himself and they are increasing at a very high rate thus compromising the betterment of human welfare (Guba L incoln, 1909). Opportunities arising as a result of the Societal Problems Every problem calls for a course of action (Goodman, 1984). In the process of addressing the above-mentioned problems, some opportunities are created for the people who are involved. International development groups are emerging out to assist the victims of poverty through provision of humanitarian aid. They require people to handle the tasks and subsequent creation of job opportunities for those handling the tasks. Problems like drug abuse are brought about by the psychological problems and therefore they call for peer counselors and appropriate advice to the victims. In addition, rehabilitation facilities need to be put in place to assist the victims. All these require well-established institutional frameworks that also require personnel and specialized facilities that need to be established. Consequently, there is creation of more employment opportunities. In a move to combat several cases of human rights v iolation and criminal injustice cases, there is greater need to maximize citizen’s welfare and enhance development in the society. There has been emergence of numerous advocacy and lobby groups to effect the desired change in the society. They are being led by human rights activists that want to see justice restored and the fundamental human rights are properly safeguarded (Davis, 2004). The efforts are also enhanced through international support whereby numerous opportunities are created and where people can share ideas and some job opportunities are created.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The most serious problems facing the modern societies have contributed to backwardness, injustices and reduced democratic space. It has been noted that majority of the problems are caused by human beings themselves (Goodman, 1984). Though the problems come along with some opportunities, the damage they cause to the society is huge and appropriate measures need to be put in place to make the world a better place to live. References Davis, G. A. (2004). Creativity is forever. Atlanta: Hunt Publishing Company. Goodman, N. (1984). Of mind and other matters. Cambridge, M: Harvard University Press. Guba, E. Lincoln, Y. (1909). Fourth generation evaluation. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

The Problem of Corruption Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8500 words

The Problem of Corruption - Dissertation Example The dissertation "The Problem of Corruption" talks about the understanding the relationship between democracy and corruption which becomes imperative as corruption goes global. The problem of corruption is considered as â€Å"one of the greatest obstacle for socio-economic development†. The issue is no longer just a national concern, but it is now also considered as a global problem. However, it has been observed that the problem of corruption is more prevalent and its consequences more debilitating in developing countries. In fact, according to Hyslop, corruption in a poor country is not only an issue regarding economics, but it concretely becomes a question of justice since corruption in the health sector means no antibiotics and other medicines in rural clinics. Corruption in infrastructures means no feeder roads created. The experience of corruption in developing countries rebounds to experience and perpetuation of poverty among its people. In this regard, corruption becom es one of the most pressing issues that have to be addressed by all stakeholders. In the face of the global concern regarding corruption, one factor that has captured the attention of scholars and politicians is the role of democracy. For globalization to push through, market and economic democracy have to be embraced by countries. In this context, democracy is understood as the removal of trade barriers allowing the opening of the economy to foreign trade and investment. This current economic situation has opened the global reach of corruption.... Background of the Study The problem of corruption is considered as â€Å"one of the greatest obstacle for socio-economic development† (World Bank, 2001). The issue is no longer just a national concern, but it is now also considered as a global problem (Hartnell et al., 1999). However, it has been observed that the problem of corruption is more prevalent and its consequences more debilitating in developing countries (World Bank, 2001). In fact, according to Hyslop (2005), corruption in a poor country is not only an issue regarding economics, but it concretely becomes a question of justice since corruption in the health sector means no antibiotics and other medicines in rural clinics. Corruption in infrastructures means no feeder roads created. The experience of corruption in developing countries redounds to experience and perpetuation of poverty among its people (Hyslop, 2005). In this regard, corruption becomes one of the most pressing issues that have to be addressed by all s takeholders. In the face of the global concern regarding corruption, one factor that has captured the attention of scholars and politicians is the role of democracy. For globalization to push through, market and economic democracy has to be embraced by countries (Soros, 2002; Killion, 2003; Fischer, 2003). In this context, democracy is understood as the removal of trade barriers allowing the opening of the economy to foreign trade and investment. This current economic situation has opened the global reach of corruption vis-a-vis the necessity of democracy in globalization. Take for example, the condition of China. China’s integration in the global market requires the adoption of the open door economic policies. This action entails market democracies, which means less

Is English a Dying Lingua Franca Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is English a Dying Lingua Franca - Essay Example This is a contact language of those persons who are not able to speak each others’ language but they do share a specific language which facilitates them for communication when they come into contact with each other. Due to the reasons mentioned above English language is a lingua franca for many people in the world. It is shared by nearly all the communities of the world. Most of the discourse between the people of South Asia, South East Asia and Africa and Middle East takes place by using English as a lingua franca. Can we say that English will continue to command this acceptance even in future? This question has initiated a debate that has generated response in its favour or against it. It was Graddol (1997) who first came up with certain interesting predictions about the future of language. It was he who had vigilant eye on certain socio-political changes across the globe. The socio-political changes along with new patterns of demographic shifts made Graddol claim that Engli sh language may lose its popularity and the present status of a being lingua franca due to the emergence of certain South East Asian and South Asian languages. Graddol reasoned that population explosions in China and India may increase the number of speakers of these languages who may outnumber the speaker of English language. He also predicts an uncertain future of English due to certain socio-economic transitions. Graf’s (2011) research reflects a departure from assumptions of Graddol as it sees no observable shift in the world’s lingua franca from English to any other language like Chinese or Urdu/Hindi due increase in number of speakers. Graf’s study has taken into academic and economic measures like bibliometric analysis and Gross Domestic Product to ascertain the possibility of Graddol’s claims. The study describes that although Chinese language is showing some developments at global level, yet it does not seem to have assumed the role and internati onal lingua franca in near future. All the above given indicators seems to suggest that â€Å" English-language cluster seems to remain unchallenged as the world’s most important academic and economic language (p . 77). Widdowson’s stand on the issue has been explained with reference of two quotations from poetry (Jenkins, para 30-31).The first is an excerpt from Yeats's TheSecond Coming: Things fall apart: the centre cannot hold Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world The second has been taken from Tennyson's  Idylls of the King: The old order changeth, yielding place to new, And God fulfills himself in many ways, Lest one good custom should corrupt the world. Widdowson’s analogies sum up the controversy in the form of two conclusions: According to the first analogy taken from Yeat’s poem Widdowson seems to assume that if the Inner Circle is able not able to maintain its authority then there will be situation of linguistic anarchy in world which uses En glish language as its primary mode of discourse. His second observation seems to view a situation where the non native varieties of English will take the place of English language. In both cases the status of English as a lingua franca is compromised (cited in Jenkins, 2005). Jenkins(2005) also shares the views expressed in Tennyson’s poem which seem to suggest a replacement theory regarding status of English. She also views a shift in favour of